Refinement in Correction of Inverted Nipple

Abstract

There were many methods proposed for correction of inverted nipple but many controversies exist. We reviewed the literatures and found this condition resulting from four main anatomical defects. First, an inverted nipple may result from deficiency of underlying dense connective tissue. Second, it is tethered by the hypoplastic lactiferous ducts. Third, it is retracted by the collagen fiber at the nipple base. Fourth is shortening of the circular smooth muscle mimics the effect of erection. Based on these defects, we made a technical refinement and devised a new method for correction of inverted nipple. With this rectangular dermal flaps method, more rigid dermal sling and dense connective tissue bulk can be achieved. In addition, we can preserve the lactiferous ducts and neurovascular supply of the nipple. This method is simple and the result is satisfactory both to patient and surgeon.