Abstract

1. Introduction Maija Setala SECTION I: Referendums and the Models of Democracy 2. From People's Veto to Instrument of Consensus: the referendum experience in Ireland Bill Kissane 3. Stabilisation versus Destabilisation: Direct democratic Instruments in different political Systems: The cases of California Italy Liechtenstein and Switzerland Wilfried Marxer and Zoltan Tibor Pallinger 4. The Surge of Referendums and the New Politics Approach Tor Bjorklund SECTION II The Demand of Referendums: Party Ideologies and Strategies 5. Elite Motivations for Initiating Referendums: Avoidance Addition and Contradiction Gideon Rahat 6. To Structure Political Conflict: the Institutionalisation of Referendums on European Integration in the Nordic Countries Nick Sitter 7. Party Positions on the Referendum in the Netherlands Ank Michels SECTION III Referendum Campaigns and Voter Behaviour 8. Intense but Useless? Public Debate and Voting Factors in Two Referendums in Spain Joan Font and Elisa Rodriguez Ortiz 9. Checks and Balances in Direct Democracy Fritz Sager and Marc Buhlmann 10. Voting NO: The Negative Bias in Referendum Campaigns Lawrence LeDuc 11. Conclusion Theo Schiller

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