Abstract
Objective:This study was conducted to establish the normal values and repeatability of pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler ultrasonographic parameters of the hepatic portal circulation in healthy dromedary she-camels.Materials and Methods:According to the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines, the sample size and statistical analysis were followed. Ten healthy, non-pregnant, non-lactating she-camels were selected after physical, hematological, and ultrasonographic examinations. All hepatic ultrasonographic measurements were obtained from unsedated standing she-camels at the 11th right intercostal space using B-mode and PW Doppler.Results:The ultrasonographic measurements were portal vein (PV) diameter 1.76 ± 0.37 cm; portal velocity 12.3 ± 3.2 cm/sec; portal area 2.05 ± 0.57 (cm)2; portal congestion index 0.16 ± 0.04 cms; and portal blood flow volume 0.02 ± 0.05 ml/sec/kg. The intra-assay coefficient of variations (CV)% of the above-mentioned variables were 5.84 ± 4.32, 12.3 ± 7.1, 10.5 ± 5.8, 14.7 ± 7.1, and 15.8 ± 12, respectively. However, the inter-assay CV% were 13.2 ± 5.9, 18.5 ± 8.4, 19.7 ± 7.6, 17.3 ± 8.8, and 31.9 ± 15, respectively.Conclusion:This study provides data that may be used as reference values for Doppler measurements of the PV in she-camels, which may help diagnose some hepatic disorders in camels.
Highlights
Doppler ultrasound is a practical, non-invasive imaging diagnostic technique that has been used to characterize the blood flow associated with normal and pathological conditions in veterinary medicine [1]
This study provides data that may be used as reference values for Doppler measurements of the portal vein (PV) in she-camels, which may help diagnose some hepatic disorders in camels
This was considered an acceptable number for measuring reference values in veterinary species, according to the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) guidelines
Summary
Doppler ultrasound is a practical, non-invasive imaging diagnostic technique that has been used to characterize the blood flow associated with normal and pathological conditions in veterinary medicine [1]. Hematology and serum biochemistry are not enough sometimes to clarify the nature of the disease [3]. Routine hepatic ultrasonography is a reasonably sensitive method for detecting localized lesions. It may be unsatisfactory for the diagnosis of diffuse lesions due to the overlapping of sonographic signals [4]. Diffuse hepatic diseases often lead to abnormalities in hepatic circulation identified by Doppler ultrasonography [5]. This is considered an excellent method for the diagnosis of chronic and diffuse hepatic diseases. Doppler ultrasonography is useful in predicting and determining the severity of chronic and diffuse hepatic disorders [6,7]
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