Abstract
AbstractOGC CityGML is an open standard for 3D city models intended to foster interoperability and support various applications. However, through our practical experience and discussions with practitioners, we have noticed several problems related to the implementation of the standard and the use of standardized data. Nevertheless, a systematic investigation of these issues has never been carried out, and there is thus insufficient evidence for tackling the problems. The GeoBIM benchmark project is aimed at finding such evidence by involving external volunteers, reporting on various aspects of the behavior of tools (geometry, semantics, georeferencing, functionalities), analyzed and described in this article. This study explicitly pointed out the critical points embedded in the format as an evidence base for future development. A companion article (Part I) describes the results of the benchmark related to IFC, the counterpart of CityGML within building information modeling.
Highlights
Interoperability through open standards is critical for the effective reuse and exchange of data and it is essential for reciprocal integration of different types of data
Two open standard data models considered for accomplishing such an integration are the Open Geospatial Consortium CityGML for 3D city models, and buildingSMART Industry Foundation Classes (IFC, https://www.buildingsmart.org/ standards/bsi-standards/industry-foundation-classes/) for building information models (BIMs) models
Standards are supposed to be enabling such interoperability and standardization is the essential premise for the development of any integration, including that of GeoBIM
Summary
Interoperability through open standards is critical for the effective reuse and exchange of data and it is essential for reciprocal integration of different types of data. CityGML 2.0 (current version, considered in this project) contains classes structured into 12 modules, each of them extending the core module, containing the most general classes in the data model, with city objectspecific classifications, (e.g., Building, Bridge, WaterBody, CityFurniture, LandUse, Relief, Transportation, Tunnel, Vegetation) These modules contain one or more classes representing specific types of objects, which differ in the way they are structured into smaller parts and the attributes that are expected for each. GML presents many issues from a software developer point of view, since, for example, too many alternatives (http://erouault.blogspot.com/2014/04/gml-madness.html) are allowed even for simple objects, and a supporting application is supposed to foresee all possible combinations of them. The framework of the GeoBIM benchmark methodology is described, with a specific focus on the part of the project regarding the investigation of the support for CityGML and related results
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