Re-Examining the Profitability of Technical Analysis with White's Reality Check and Hansen's SPA Test

Abstract

In this paper, we re-examine the profitability of technical analysis using White's Reality Check and Hansen's SPA test that correct the data snooping bias. Comparing to previous studies, we study a more complete universe of trading techniques, including not only simple rules but also investor's strategies, and we test the profitability of these rules and strategies with four main indices. It is found that significantly profitable simple rules and investor's strategies do exist in the data from relatively young markets (NASDAQ Composite and Russell 2000) but not in the data from relatively mature markets (DJIA and S&P 500). Moreover, after taking transaction costs into account, we find that the best rules for NASDAQ Composite and Russell 2000 outperform the buy-and-hold strategy in most in- and out-of-sample periods. Our results thus suggest that the degree of market efficiency may be related to market maturity. It is also found that investor's strategies are able to improve on the profits of simple rules and may even generate significant profits from unprofitable simple rules.