Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) is a re-emerging viral zoonosis caused by the Yellow Fever virus (YFV), affecting humans and non-human primates (NHP). YF is endemic in South America and Africa, being considered a burden for public health worldwide despite the availability of an effective vaccine. Acute infectious disease can progress to severe hemorrhagic conditions and has high rates of morbidity and mortality in endemic countries. In 2016, Brazil started experiencing one of the most significant YF epidemics in its history, with lots of deaths being reported in regions that were previously considered free of the disease. Here, we reviewed the historical aspects of YF in Brazil, the epidemiology of the disease, the challenges that remain in Brazil’s public health context, the main lessons learned from the recent outbreaks, and our perspective for facing future YF epidemics.
Highlights
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a positive-strand RNA virus that is the prototype of Flavivirus genus (Flaviviridae family) and is recognized as the etiological agent of Yellow Fever (YF) [1,2]
Yellow Fever virus (YFV) spread to the East and South regions could be seen during 2002–2003, with cases registered in Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, and between 2007 and 2009, with confirmed cases in the
Understanding the ecological gaps related to the emerging infectious diseases (EID) and the impact of social changes on the control and prevention of possible epidemics is a challenge that requires international cooperation
Summary
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a positive-strand RNA virus that is the prototype of Flavivirus genus (Flaviviridae family) and is recognized as the etiological agent of Yellow Fever (YF) [1,2]. YF still remains a public health threat, leading to significant morbidity and mortality rates in the human populations of Africa and South America. Aedes aegypti, which include the introduction of vaccination since 1937, the mass immunization in the following decade, along with intense campaigns to eradicate the vector [2] In this scenario, the last registered urban YF case in the country occurred in 1942, followed by epidemic records related to sylvatic cycles, especially in the Amazon basin [2,11]. In 2016, one of the most significant epidemics of sylvatic YF occurred in Brazil, with most cases reported in regions considered free of the disease, or with little YFV circulation [5,11,12]. Eco-epidemiological aspects of the disease, as well as the lessons and challenges from last epidemic period, are discussed
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