Reductive transformation of Cr(VI) in contaminated soil by polyphenols: The role of gallic and tannic acid

Abstract

Polyphenols, as an important category of natural organics, are ubiquitous in plants and structurally diverse. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the role of natural polyphenol, such as gallic acid (GA) and tannic acid (TA), in the biochemical behavior of Cr(VI) in soil media. GA and TA can effectively convert Cr(VI) to Cr(III) under neutral conditions (pH 7.0). However, there are significant differences in the transport, leaching toxicity, and bioavailability of reduced Cr(III) between the two systems. UV–vis spectra, chromium (Cr) mass balance, speciation distribution, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to explore the intrinsic mechanisms of Cr(VI) reduction and (im)mobilization in the presence of GA or TA. Results showed that the reduction of Cr(VI) by GA was accompanied by poor immobilization of reduced Cr(III), especially at high GA concentrations (4–10 g/L), which was associated with the formation of soluble Cr(III) complexes. After treatment with 4 g/L GA, 51.49 ± 3.04% of the Cr in GA system was mobilized as complexes into aqueous phase. In contrast, the reduction of Cr(VI) and the subsequent precipitation of reduced Cr(III) was dominant in the TA system. After treatment with 4 g/L TA, 97.24 ± 0.31% of the total Cr in the TA system was immobilized into soil phase and transformed into more stable fractions. Our findings provide new insights into how natural organics shape the fate and transport of Cr in soils, which also have substantial implications for the development of Cr sequestration technology.