Reductions in RIP140 are not required for exercise- and AICAR-mediated increases in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content

Abstract

Receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP140) has recently been demonstrated to be a key player in the regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. We have shown that β-guanadinopropionic acid (β-GPA) feeding reduces RIP140 protein content and mRNA levels concomitant with increases in mitochondrial content (Williams DB, Sutherland LN, Bomhof MR, Basaraba SA, Thrush AB, Dyck DJ, Field CJ, Wright DC. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 296: E1400-E1408, 2009). Since β-GPA feeding reduces high-energy phosphate levels and activates AMPK, alterations reminiscent of exercise, we hypothesized that exercise training would reduce RIP140 protein content. We further postulated that an acute bout of exercise, or interventions known to induce the expression of mitochondrial enzymes or genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, would result in decreases in nuclear RIP140 content. Two weeks of daily swim training increased markers of mitochondrial content in rat skeletal muscle independent of reductions in RIP140 protein. Similarly, high-intensity exercise training in humans failed to reduce RIP140 content despite increasing skeletal muscle mitochondrial enzymes. We found that 6 wk of daily 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) injections had no effect on RIP140 protein content in rat skeletal muscle while RIP140 content from LKB1 knockout mice was unaltered despite reductions in mitochondria. An acute bout of exercise, AICAR treatment, and epinephrine injections increased the mRNA levels of PGC-1α, COXIV, and lipin1 independent of decreases in nuclear RIP140 protein. Surprisingly these interventions increased RIP140 mRNA expression. In conclusion our results demonstrate that decreases in RIP140 protein content are not required for exercise and AMPK-dependent increases in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content, nor do acute perturbations alter the cellular localization of RIP140 in parallel with the induction of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.