Abstract
Among various types of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, reduction-responsive polymers have attracted great interest. In general, these systems have high stability in systemic circulation, however, they can respond quickly to differences in the concentrations of reducing species in specific physiological sites associated with a pathology. This is a particularly relevant strategy to target diseases in which hypoxic regions are present, as polymers which are sensitive to in-situ expressed antioxidant species can, through a local response, release a therapeutic at high concentration in the targeted site, and thus, improve the selectivity and efficacy of the treatment. At the same time, such reduction-responsive materials can also decrease the toxicity and side effects of certain drugs. To date, polymers containing disulfide linkages are the most investigated of the class of reduction-responsive nanocarriers, however, other groups such as selenide and diselenide have also been used for the same purpose. In this review article, we discussed the rationale behind the development of reduction-responsive polymers as drug delivery systems and highlight examples of recent progress. We include the most popular design methods to generate reduction-responsive polymeric carriers and their applications in cancer therapy, and question what areas may still need to be explored in a field with already a very large number of research articles. Finally, we consider the main challenges associated with the clinical translation of these nanocarriers and the future perspectives in this area. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
Highlights
Polymeric delivery systems have emerged as important tools to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of many drug compounds
The results demonstrated that free docetaxel and docetaxel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles showed only limited tumor inhibition, whereas the docetaxel-loaded L-cysteine-based nanoparticles suppressed tumor growth for longer
As a result of progress in materials chemistry and the development of polymeric drug delivery systems, many advances have been made in the design of stimuli-responsive polymers, including those with reduction-responsive functionalities
Summary
Polymeric delivery systems have emerged as important tools to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of many drug compounds. This is because a number of candidate molecules are sub-optimal for patients due to undesirable pharmacokinetics and poor distribution, which lead to rapid drug clearance or extravasation into healthy tissue, or dose-limiting side effects and toxicity (Senapati, Mahanta, Kumar, & Maiti, 2018). The knock-on effects of this are issues regarding the therapeutic effect of the drug, as a consequence of the administration of suboptimal doses This scenario is a common problem, especially in cancer treatment with widely-used current cytotoxic drugs (Allen & Cullis, 2004). Nanoscale drug delivery systems containing diverse surface properties, architectures, and sizes have been designed, and have enabled advances in site-specific targeting and controlled release of anti-cancer agents
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