Reduction with zinc — Impact on the determination of nitrite and nitrate ions using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices

Abstract

We used a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) to investigate the influence that zinc reduction exerts on the determination of nitrite and nitrate ions in natural water samples. The μPAD consists of layered channels for the reduction of nitrate to nitrite with zinc powder and the subsequent detection of nitrite with Griess reagent. The amount of zinc, number of layers, and reaction time for the reduction were optimized to obtain an intense signal for nitrate. Initially, the sensitivity to nitrate corresponded to 55% that of nitrite, which implied an incomplete reduction. We found, however, that zinc decreased the sensitivity to nitrite in both the μPAD and spectrophotometry. The sensitivity to nitrite was decreased by 48% in spectrophotometry and 68% in the μPAD following the reaction with zinc. One of the reasons for the decreased sensitivity is attributed to the production of ammonia, as we elucidated that both nitrite and nitrate produced ammonia via the reaction with zinc. The results suggest that the total concentration of nitrite and nitrate must be corrected by constructing a calibration curve for nitrite with zinc, in addition to developing curves for nitrate with zinc and for nitrite without zinc. Using these calibration curves, the absorbance at different concentration ratios of nitrite and nitrate ions could be reproduced via calculation using the calibration curves with zinc for nitrite and nitrate. Eventually, the developed μPAD was applied to the determination of nitrite and nitrate ions in natural water samples, and the results were compared with those using a conventional spectrophotometric method. The results of the μPAD are in good agreement with those of conventional spectrophotometry, which suggests that the μPAD is reliable for the measurement of nitrite and nitrate ions in natural water samples.