Abstract
Lead silicate glasses are fundamental materials to a microchannel plate (MCP), which is a two dimensional array of a microscopic channel charge particle multiplier. Hydrogen reduction is the core stage to determine the electrical conductivity of lead silicate glass MCP multipliers. The nanoscale morphologies and microscopic potential distributions of silicate glass at different reduction temperatures were investigated via atomic force microscope (AFM) and Kelvin force microscopy (KFM). We found that the bulk resistance of MCPs ballooned exponentially with the spacing of conducting islands. Moreover, bulk resistance and the spacing of conducting islands both have the BiDoseResp trend dependence on the hydrogen reduction temperature. Elements composition and valence states of lead silicate glass were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the conducting island was an assemblage of the Pb atom originated from the reduction of Pb2+ and Pb4+. Thus, this showed the important influence of the hydrogen temperature and nanoscale morphological transformation on modulating the physical effects of MCPs, and opened up new possibilities to characterize the nanoscale electronic performance of multiphase silicate glass.
Highlights
Lead silicate glass is useful for the manufacture of a microchannel plate (MCP), which is a special designed two dimensional array of microscopic channels for charge particles multiplied, has been widely used in astronomical, biological imaging, nuclear science and weak signal detection applications [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
The lead silicate glass employed in this investigation was on the surface of the microchannel wall
Indicated that aggregates of the Pb atom derived from the detections indicated that aggregates of the Pb atom from the reduction of Pb or Pb dispersed on the working surface of the microchannel
Summary
Lead silicate glass is useful for the manufacture of a microchannel plate (MCP), which is a special designed two dimensional array of microscopic channels for charge particles multiplied, has been widely used in astronomical, biological imaging, nuclear science and weak signal detection applications [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. The core and clad lead silicate glasses formed the microchannel structure after drawing into fibers, assembling to bundle, fusing, slicing and polishing to wafers and wet chemically etching to remove the cores. The hydrogen reduction was one of the most important processes where it possessed proper electrical conductivity. This fact and technical feasibility has increased exploratory interest in these glasses. The requirements of the Materials 2019, 12, 1183; doi:10.3390/ma12071183 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials
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