Reduction on the Anaerobic Biological Activity Inhibition Caused by Heavy Metals and Sulphates in Effluents Through Chemical Precipitation with Soda and Lime

Abstract

The School of Chemistry Environmental Technology Laboratory generates 43.4 l of effluent with low pH (0.7) and high contents of COD (1908 mgO2 l−1), phenol (132.1 mg l−1), sulfate (36700 mg l−1) and heavy metals (28.2 mg Hg l−1; 82.1 mg Crtotal l−1; 30.8 mg Cu l−1; 57.4 mg Fetotal l−1; 16.2 mg Al l−1) weekly. These data show that this effluent presents high toxicity for biological treatment, with a physical-chemical step being necessary before a biological step. Preliminary studies showed that the most toxic constituents of the effluent were sulfate, phenol and total chromium. In this work, a chemical precipitation step with sodium hydroxide or lime was evaluated for the toxicity reduction on anaerobic microbial consortium. These experiments were carried out with increasing concentrations of alkalis in the effluent in order to obtain pH initial values of 8-12. Similar results were obtained for COD (15-28%), turbidity (95-98%), phenol (13-24%) and total chromium (99.8-99.9%) removals in each condition studied with soda or lime. Sulfate was only removed by precipitation with lime, obtaining reductions from 84 to 88%. The toxicity on the anaerobic sludge was studied employing specific methanogenic activity (SMA) analysis of raw and treated effluent (after chemical precipitation step). The SMA experiments showed that chemical precipitation at pH 8 reduces the toxic effect of the effluent on anaerobic microbial consortium three times (with soda) and thirteen times (with lime). These results indicate that precipitation with lime is more efficient at toxicity removal, however the produced sludge volume is around two times higher than that produced with soda.