Abstract
FIELD-ALIGNED reflexion traces are one of the common features of topside sounder ionograms when the sounder height is large (> 1,000 km) at mid and low latitudes and they usually have greater ranges, at a given frequency, than the vertical incidence reflexion traces. They are considered to be caused by the propagation of radio waves along field-aligned ionization ducts in the topside ionosphere or exosphere1,2.
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