Reduction of suspended solids following hydroclassification of metal-contaminated soils

Abstract

Remediation of metals-contaminated soil typically uses solidification/stabilization and “dig and haul”. Soil washing and physical separation have been applied to a much lesser extent to reduce soil volumes requiring aggressive treatment and to improve performance of follow-up treatments. In earlier work [J. Hazard. Mater. 66 (1999) 15], we used a simple, vertical-column hydroclassifier, to separate four soils contaminated with heavy metals, defining a “best case” performance for larger-scale (minerals processing) equipment. Such processes, using water-based slurries, generate substantial volumes of water with suspended solids. These typically contain disproportionately high concentrations of heavy metals. Here, we performed an initial screening of settling, coagulation, and centrifugation for reducing suspended solids, and thus suspended metals from soil slurries following processing. The four soils, previously hydroclassified, were sieved to <600 μm, slurried with a 4:1 weight ratio of water, and allowed to settle. Slurry samples were collected at settling times of 0, 0.0833, 1, 5, and 22–24 h. Coagulant (alum) addition and centrifugation were investigated. The slurries were filtered, digested, and analyzed by atomic absorption for lead and chromium content. Two soil slurries clarified in <5 min. In all four cases, 90% of solids and metals settled within 5 h. However, completion may require up to 24 h, or other intervention, i.e. coagulants. The metal concentration in the residual suspended solids increased with settling time, implying an enrichment of metals in finer, suspended particles. Metals dissolved in the slurry water ranged from 3 to 5 mg/l for chromium and lead. This screening study provides guidance for water treatment requirements and treatability studies for the integration of hydroclassification and solids removal.