Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is an important protein source in animal feed. However, the levels of SBM inclusion are restricted in some animal species by the presence of antinutritional factors (ANFs), including non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) and α-galactosides (GOSs). The aim of this study was to reduce the soybean meal NSPs and GOSs by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using a combination of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from different environments (termites, earthworms, corn silage and bovine ruminal content). To analyse the key enzymatic activities, the isolates were grown in minimal media containing NSPs extracted from SBM. The selected bacterial strains belonged to the genera Streptomyces, Cohnella and Cellulosimicrobium. SSF resulted in a reduction of nearly 24% in the total NSPs, 83% of stachyose and 69% of raffinose and an increase in the protein content. These results suggest that cellulolytic bacteria-based SSF processing facilitates SBM nutritional improvement. In addition, the use of fermented SBM in animal diets can be recommended.
Highlights
Defatted soybean meal is a global plant protein source for animal feedstuffs; its use is limited by the presence of several antinutritional factors (ANFs), including carbohydrates, such as a-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose (GOSs) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) [1,2,3]
Our results show that solid-state fermentation (SSF) using a combination of the selected cellulolytic bacteria significantly reduced the NSP and GOS levels and enriched the protein contents
This novel strategy consisted of the selection of bacterial strains for soybean NSP degradation based on bacterial incubation in a minimal medium formulated with a soybean NSP-rich extract
Summary
Defatted soybean meal is a global plant protein source for animal feedstuffs; its use is limited by the presence of several antinutritional factors (ANFs), including carbohydrates, such as a-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose (GOSs) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) [1,2,3]. The total soybean meal NSP concentrations are approximately 15–20% of the DM, and these NSPs are traditionally classified as cellulose, hemicellulose(s) and pectin(s) [3,4,5]. The antinutritional effects of GOSs and NSPs have been documented in different animal species. NSPs and GOSs have been considered ANFs [2]. The situation is critical in aquaculture because species such as salmon have higher protein requirements than poultry or swine [7]. The true challenge of the aquaculture industry is the replacement of fish meal with other protein ingredients [8,9]
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