Abstract
The article examines, assesses, and analyses various types of fuels used in shipping. between the ports of Varna and Rotterdam. In order to determine the fuel that generates the least amount of carbon dioxide and is cost-effective, various types of traditional marine fuels and those that are yet to be introduced into operation have been considered. The advantages and disadvantages of bunkering, transporting, and storing various types of alternative marine fuels have been defined. The analysis shows that the lowest carbon dioxide emissions are generated when using alternative biofuels such as methanol and methane. Furthermore, if HVO fuel, which has not yet gained widespread use in shipping, is employed, emissions will be reduced by approximately 90%. From an economic perspective, methane and methanol have the lowest cost per ton of fuel compared to HVO, which is about four times higher in comparison to methane and methanol. Considering the IMO regulations for reducing harmful emissions into the atmosphere, HVO appears to be the future fuel that will normalize its prices.
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