Abstract
AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the reduction of pollution load of paper mill effluent through phytoremediation technique using water caltrop (Trapa natans). Different concentrations, viz. 0% (control), 25, 50, 75, and 100% (absolute) were treated using T. natans for 60 days. Results showed that sewage effluent was loaded with various parameters, viz. total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity, total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN), phosphate (PO43-), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). The maximum removal of different parameters was recorded after 60 days of phytoremediation experiments. Water caltrop (T. natans) significantly (p < 0.05/p < 0.01) removed TDS, BOD, COD, TKN, PO43-, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn of the paper mill effluent after the phytoremediation. The removal of different pollutants from the paper mill effluent was gradually increased at lower concent...
Highlights
Rapid urbanization and industrialization is placing an unprecedented pressure on water quality and demand
The phytoremediation experiment of paper mill effluent using T. natans was found effective for the reduction of various pollutants from the paper mill effluent
The most reduction of total dissolved solids (TDS), BOD, COD, total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN), PO34−, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn were recorded at 60 days of the phytoremediation experiments using T. natans but the removal rate of the pollutants were accelerated from 15 to 45 days of the phytoremediation experiments
Summary
Rapid urbanization and industrialization is placing an unprecedented pressure on water quality and demand. With the development of new industrial technologies and modernization of society raised the water demand in urban as well as rural areas. More requirement of water means more discharge of wastewater. This further enhances the pollution level in water bodies (Dar, Kumawat, Singh, & Wani, 2011; Shah et al, 2010; Singh, Tiwari, & Gupta, 2012). Toxic metal pollution of waters is a foremost environmental problem, and most conventional remediation approaches do not provide satisfactory solutions. More than 400 plant species have been identified to have potential for soil and water remediation (Ali et al, 2013; Memon & Schröder, 2009; Mohammad et al, 2008)
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