Abstract
We present a theoretical study of the performance of distributed Raman amplifiers with higher order pumping schemes, focusing in particular on double Rayleigh scattering (DRS) noise. Results show an unexpected significant DRS noise reduction for pumping order higher than third, allowing for an overall performance improvement of carefully designed distributed amplifiers, ensuring a large optical signal-to-noise ratio improvement together with reduced DRS-induced penalties.
Highlights
In recent years, the performance of distributed Raman amplification for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission systems has been routinely enhanced by higher-order Raman pumping (HOP)
We present a theoretical study of the performance of distributed Raman amplifiers with higher order pumping schemes, focusing in particular on double Rayleigh scattering (DRS) noise
We show the results of a theoretical study on higher-order pumping schemes, carried out with both full numerical and semi-analytical methods, showing in particular an unexpected reduction of DRS noise which can be achieved for HOP higher than 3rd order
Summary
The performance of distributed Raman amplification for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission systems has been routinely enhanced by higher-order Raman pumping (HOP). Shorterwavelength pumps do not amplify the WDM channels directly, but provide distributed Raman amplification for longer wavelength pumps, which in turn amplify the channels deep inside the transmission fiber This may provide a significant enhancement (up to several dB) in optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) at the receiver compared to standard distributed Ramanamplified systems [1], and results in an increased pump power at 1480 nm which can be delivered to remotely-pumped EDFAs [2]. A qualitative analytical approach is developed in order to provide clear insight on the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying this unexpected behavior Both theory and simulations indicate an achievable decrease of DRS noise for pumping orders higher than third, a behavior which was unknown until now, and which could lead to the implementation of optimized HOP schemes at high gain values without significant DRS-induced penalties, overcoming the present performance limitations in higher-order Raman pumping techniques
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