Abstract
The JPEG-XR encoding process utilizes two types of transform operations: Photo Overlap Transform (POT) and Photo Core Transform (PCT). Using the Device Porting Kit (DPK) provided by Microsoft, we performed encoding and decoding processes on JPEG XR images. It was discovered that when the quantization parameter is >1-lossy compression conditions, the resulting image displays chequerboard block artefacts, border artefacts and corner artefacts. These artefacts are due to the nonlinearity of transforms used by JPEG-XR. Typically, it is not so visible; however, it can cause problems while copying and scanning applications, as it shows nonlinear transforms when the source and the target of the image have different configurations. Hence, it is important for document image processing pipelines to take such artefacts into account. Additionally, these artefacts are most problematic for high-quality settings and appear more visible at high compression ratios. In this paper, we analyse the cause of the above artefacts. It was found that the main problem lies in the step of POT and quantization. To solve this problem, the use of a “uniform matrix” is proposed. After POT (encoding) and before inverse POT (decoding), an extra step is added to multiply this uniform matrix. Results suggest that it is an easy and effective way to decrease chequerboard, border and corner artefacts, thereby improving the image quality of lossy encoding JPEG XR than the original DPK program with no increased calculation complexity or file size.
Highlights
In a smart city environment, a colossal quantity of image data is generated from traffic control systems, intruder detection and surveillance systems and from other intelligent sensing gadgets and devices
In 2009, it was announced as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) worldwide standard by the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) [4,5,6]
JPEG Extended Range (JPEG-XR) encoding in lossy conditions causes chequerboard, border and corner artefacts
Summary
In a smart city environment, a colossal quantity of image data is generated from traffic control systems, intruder detection and surveillance systems and from other intelligent sensing gadgets and devices. Given an uncompressed image with constant-intensity areas, the output of the JPEG-XR process might result in intensity variations similar to chequerboard artefacts. These artefacts cannot be prominently observed through human vision. This allows transform operations to be broken down into simple integer additions and subtractions (shears) This effectively lowers the computational complexity and resources consumed during the encoding and decoding process, which is especially advantageous on mobile or embedded devices where power is often limited. It will become apparent that our method effectively removes chequerboard, border and corner artefacts and provides better image quality and compression ratio.
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