Abstract
The present study was postulated to prepare and evaluate the influence of two plant food extract mixtures on plasma lipid profile, oxidative stress and testosterone levels in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. The safety of the studied extract mixtures was evaluated through the determination of liver and kidney functions. The total phenolic contents, tocopherols, fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter (UNSAP) in the extract mixtures were determined. Rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet were given a daily oral dose (300 mg/kg rat body weight) of either mixture I or II for a month and compared with a control hypercholesterolemic group and a normal control group. Results showed that α-tocopherol was 0.750 and 4.017 mg, γ-tocopherol was 0.564 mg and 0 and δ-tocopherol was 15.23mg and 0.634mg/100g for mixtures I and II, respectively. The phenolic contents in mixtures I and II were 36.74 and 23.72 g gallic acid equivalent/100g mixture, respectively. The GLC investigation of UNSAP revealed that stigmasterol and b-sitosterol were the major phytosterols in mixtures I and II, respectively followed by campesterol in both. The GLC analysis of the fatty acids showed that oleic acid was the major fatty acid in both extract mixtures. Results from the animal experiment showed that feeding a hypercholesterolemic diet produced a significant increase in total lipids, total cholesterol (T-Ch), triglycerides (TGs), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLCh), T-Ch/HDL-Ch, TGs/HDL-Ch and malondialdehyde (MDA) and a significant reduction in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-Ch), vitamin E, b-carotene and testosterone. Rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and given mixture I or II showed significant improvements in plasma lipid profile compared to the hypercholesterolemic control group. This improvement was associated with a significant reduction in oxidative stress reflected by an elevation in plasma levels of antioxidants (vitamin E and b-carotene) and a reduction in plasma MDA levels. The plasma level of testosterone increased significantly in the rats fed the hypercholesterolemic diet and given mixture I or II compared to the hypercholesterolemic control. Plasma testosterone showed a significant negative correlation with plasma TGs and TGs/HDL-Ch in the hypercholesterolemic control rats. The studied extract mixtures showed complete safety towards liver and kidney functions. In conclusion the tested extract mixtures showed an improvement in the plasma lipid profile, a significant increase in testosterone and a decrease in oxidative stress with promising prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The antiatherogenic effect of the extract mixtures may be due to the presence of phenolic compounds, phytosterols, tocopherols and unsaturated fatty acids.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) including coronary heart disease and stroke are the leading cause of mortality in both developed and developing countries, accounting for roughly 20% of all worldwide deaths per year (Thomas and Rich, 2007)
The antiatherogenic effect of the extract mixtures may be due to the presence of phenolic compounds, phytosterols, tocopherols and unsaturated fatty acids
The study aimed at evaluating the effect of the administration of the extract mixtures on plasma lipid profile, oxidative stress and testosterone levels in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) including coronary heart disease and stroke are the leading cause of mortality in both developed and developing countries, accounting for roughly 20% of all worldwide deaths per year (Thomas and Rich, 2007). An abnormal ratio of triglycerides to HDL-Ch indicates an atherogenic lipid profile and a risk for the development of coronary diseases (da Luz et al, 2008). Changes in endothelial function play an important role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and there is evidence suggesting that interventions to improve endothelial function may have an impact on the progression and the risk of cardiovascular events (Thorand et al, 2006). Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) have lower testosterone levels than healthy control patients, suggesting that low plasma testosterone may be involved in the increased risk of CAD in men (Rosano et al, 2007). Androgen treatment results in a favorable lipid profile, suggesting that androgens may provide a protective effect against the development and/or progression of atherosclerosis (Traish et al, 2009)
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