Abstract
A major issue of X-ray radiation therapy is that normal cells can be damaged, limiting the amount of X-rays that can be safely delivered to a tumor. This paper describes a new method based on graphene oxide (GO) to protect normal cells from oxidative damage by removing free radicals generated by X-ray radiation using grapheme oxide (GO). A variety of techniques such as cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative assay, apoptosis, γ-H2AX expression, and micro-nucleus assay have been used to assess the protective effect of GO in cultured fibroblast cells. It is found that although GO at higher concentration (100 and 500 µg/mL) can cause cell death and DNA damage, it can effectively remove oxygen free radicals at a lower concentration of 10 µg/mL. The level of DNA damage and cell death is reduced by 48%, and 39%, respectively. Thus, low concentration GO can be used as an effective radio-protective agent in occupational and therapeutic settings.
Highlights
Radiation therapy, using external X-ray beams, relies on free radicals, generated from water radiolysis, to damage DNA [1]
This paper describes the use of graphene oxide (GO) in removing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated upon X-ray radiation
After replacing GO-containing medium, cells are rinsed by phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for three times and exposed to X-ray radiation
Summary
Radiation therapy, using external X-ray beams, relies on free radicals, generated from water radiolysis, to damage DNA [1]. A challenge of external beam X-ray radiation therapy is the high radiation doses needed to kill tumor cells damages surrounding healthy tissues. Radio-protective chemicals can be used as free radical scavengers to protect normal cells from damage, allowing higher radiation doses to be used [14,15,16,17,18]. GO’s open format allows for efficient capture of oxygen free radicals with carbon atoms on the edge. This generates carbon dioxide, which can be dissolved in body fluids [26,27]. A battery of techniques has been employed to quantify radiation induced changes at molecular (DNA and protein) and cellular levels
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