Abstract
AbstractCarbon capture and storage (CCS) is the collection of carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial point sources such as power plants and its injection underground. Much of the technology necessary to capture and inject CO2 into the subsurface already exists and CCS will be an integral part of any strategy to combat anthropogenic climate change until we, as a society, are able to move away from our dependence on fossil fuels. There are three options for geological storage of CO2: deep saline aquifers, depleted oil reservoirs and unmineable coal beds. It is the purpose of this presentation to provide a general survey of each of these options. For each geological formation I review (1) The ways in which CO2 could escape into the atmosphere. (2) Current scientific knowledge and uncertainties about the behaviour of CO2 after it is underground -particularly the interactions of water, oil or gas initially present in the geological formation with injected CO2. (3) The overall advantages and disadvantages of each option in terms of technical challenges and cost.
Highlights
Coal has a reserves-to-production ratio of 164 Coal is the second-largest source of energy-related CO2 emissions, with 39% in 2004 Coal is projected to become the largest source of CO2 emissions by 2010 World coal consumption is predicted to increase by 74% from 2004 to 2030 China and India account for 72% of the increase http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/coal.html
How could the CO2 escape? How far does the injected CO2 spread? How long does it take to immobilize the CO2? What is the ultimate fate of the CO2? How we design injection processes that reduce the potential for leakage?
20 years of water and CO2 injection followed by 2 years of water injection in realistic geology 95% of CO2 trapped after 4 years of water injection
Summary
Technology already established – many carbon dioxide injection projects in the world Allows smooth transition away from a fossil fuel economy Economic benefit of enhanced oil/gas recovery Has potential to have a large impact on carbon dioxide emissions quickly Low emission option for developing countries – e.g. China and India
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