Abstract
Manganese is a strategically important metal that is widely used in industrial applications such as steel, catalysts, and batteries. Manganese generally presents as manganese dioxide (MnO2) in most of the ores. As MnO2 is stable in acid or alkaline oxidizing conditions, manganese extraction must be performed under reducing conditions to convert the insoluble Mn(IV) to soluble Mn(II) in aqueous medium. In this regard, two processes are followed viz. reduction roasting followed by leaching and reductive leaching. The major disadvantage of the reduction roasting process is the intensive energy consumption, high investment and operating costs as well as the occasional release of harmful gases. The hydrometallurgical reductive leaching method possesses the advantages of energy conservation and one-step leaching process. The reducing agents used for leaching are either pure inorganic or organic chemicals or sometimes new kinds of reducing agents such as agricultural and biomass wastes. The present review summarizes the process developed for extraction and recovery of manganese from ores using different kinds of reducing agents. The parameters affecting the leaching of manganese and reactions involved are reviewed and discussed.
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