Reduced-dose intramuscular ketamine for severe agitation in an academic emergency department

Abstract

Introduction: Rapid sedation of severely agitated patients is often necessary to ensure the safety of patients and healthcare workers. Intramuscular (IM) ketamine 4–6 mg/kg was previously studied but may carry an increased risk of intubation and other adverse effects. Therefore, the purpose of this case series was to describe the efficacy and safety of a reduced-dose (2 mg/kg) IM ketamine guideline.Methods: Consecutive patients receiving IM ketamine for agitation in the emergency department via our reduced-dose guideline were included. Successful sedation of the agitated patient was defined as documentation from a healthcare provider, a lack of additional sedating medication administration for 30 min following administration of IM ketamine, or ability to complete necessary procedure.Results: Of 15 patients included in this case series, 13 (87%) were adequately sedated with no subsequent intubations due to excess ketamine. The median total dose administered was 157.5 mg and the median weight-based dose was 2 mg/kg. In 11 of the 15 cases, reduced-dose ketamine was used as a second-line agent.Conclusion: Reduced-dose IM ketamine may be effective for severe agitation, particularly when used as a second-line agent.