Abstract
In proton therapy, beam shaping is achieved by patient-specific apertures (blocks), spot scanning, or a multi-leaf collimator (MLC). The primary collimators and apertures are the main sources of neutrons in scanning proton beams. Spot scanning is currently in limited clinical use, and brass apertures are used in most proton centers, while tungsten MLCs have been implement in one center. Neither brass nor tungsten are optimal materials for beam shaping due to activation and generation of secondary neutrons.
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