Abstract
In this paper we present enhanced routing protocol for low-lower and lossy networks (ERPL), a reduced overhead routing protocol for short-range low-power and lossy wireless networks, based on RPL. ERPL enhances peer-to-peer (P2P) route construction and data packet forwarding in RPL’s storing and non-storing modes of operation (MoPs). In order to minimize source routing overhead, it encodes routing paths in Bloom Filters (BF). The salient features of ERPL include the following: (i) optimized P2P routing and data forwarding; (ii) no additional control messages; and (iii) minimized source routing overhead. We extensively evaluated ERPL against RPL using emulation, simulation, and physical test-bed based experiments. Our results demonstrate that ERPL outperforms standard RPL in P2P communication and its optimized P2P route construction and data forwarding algorithms also positively impact the protocol’s performance in multi-point to point (MP2P) and point to multi-point (P2MP) communications. Our results demonstrate that the BF-based approach towards compressed source routing information is feasible for the kinds of networks considered in this paper. The BF-based approach results in 65% lower source routing control overhead compared to RPL. Our results also provide new insights into the performance of MP2P, P2MP, and P2P communications relative to RPL’s destination-oriented directed a-cyclic graph (DODAG) depth, i.e., a deeper DODAG negatively impacts the performance of MP2P and P2MP communications, however it positively impacts P2P communication, while the reverse holds true for a relatively shallow DODAG.
Highlights
IntroductionSystems (CPS) all require low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) for some or all of their operation
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Internet of Things (IoT), and Cyber-PhysicalSystems (CPS) all require low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) for some or all of their operation.These networks are characterized as LLNs because nodes in such networks possess limited resources and often operate in harsh communication environments, resulting in transmission losses over wireless links
For the first set of experiments, the gateway is located at the edge of a network and for the second set of experiments the gateway is located at the center of a network
Summary
Systems (CPS) all require low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) for some or all of their operation. These networks are characterized as LLNs because nodes in such networks possess limited resources and often operate in harsh communication environments, resulting in transmission losses over wireless links. Communication and computing devices are increasingly being embedded in objects and structures to enable networked sensing and actuation functions. This is resulting in sophisticated CPS, such as power generation and distribution networks, assisted living, traffic control, home automation, safety systems, autonomous vehicles, and distributed robotics. Low power devices need to communicate with a central gateway, and need to directly communicate
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