Reduced Intensity Reinduction Followed By Blinatumomab Achieves Excellent MRD Clearance with Reduced Toxicity and Facilitates Timely Transplant in Children and Young People with Relapsed B-Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract

Introduction Despite the emergence of effective novel immunotherapies, the outcome of relapsed pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) remains poor due to treatment-related mortality (TRM) and resistant disease. In response to accumulating evidence on the efficacy and low toxicity of blinatumomab in relapsed B-ALL and the availability of highly active CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CART), we redesigned the United Kingdom (UK) relapse treatment pathway, based on two key guiding principles: 1) to reduce chemotherapy burden and associated toxicity through a move away from the highly intensive ALL R3 backbone towards increased reliance on blinatumomab to clear disease, and 2) to identify treatment failures early and direct them to CART, given the poor responses reported with hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) in this context. Methods Patients were treated with UKALL induction chemotherapy (<16yr: 3-drugs; >16yr: 4-drugs) until adequate blast clearance. Patients with blasts <5% at Day 15 progressed directly to blinatumomab; remaining patients continued to Day 28. Following reinduction, patients received up to 2 cycles of blinatumomab as a single agent. HR patients (early/very early relapses and/or HR cytogenetics) proceeded to HSCT once minimal residual disease (MRD) <0.01%. Those with high-risk (HR) isolated central nervous system (CNS) disease had the option to proceed directly to HSCT following CSF blast clearance without blinatumomab. All Standard risk (SR) patients continued on chemotherapy alone. Patients who were refractory after re-induction (>25% disease), blinatumomab (MRD >0.01%), or for whom there was no available donor were considered for CART. All patients were required to be discussed at a national tumour board, and data were subsequently collected every 3 months for analysis. Events were defined as death, relapse, and secondary cancer. Results Between September 2018 and July 2022, 111 patients were treated on the pathway; 63 (56.8%) were HR and 48 (43.2%) were SR. There were 26 patients >15yr, 3 Infant ALL, 2 Ph+ ALL and 4 with Down Syndrome. Induction therapy achieved disease reduction to <5% and CNS clearance in 98 patients (88%). Of the 90 patients with BM involvement, 52.2% required only 15 days of induction therapy. Induction failure (>25% blasts) occurred in 6.3%, comparable to the 7.1% using the R3 induction in the COG AALL1331 trial (p=1.00); 6/7 patients with induction failure successfully underwent CART infusion. The rate of end of induction MRD <0.01% in the HR group was also similar to COG AALL1331 (30% vs. 27.4%, p=0.669). Importantly, there were no cases of TRM with the reduced intensity induction, compared to 2.4-4% reported with the ALL R3 induction (p=0.06). Ninety patients received blinatumomab, of whom 87% achieved a complete MRD response, with grade 3 or 4 treatment-related toxicity in 11 patients (12.2%). Amongst HR patients, 86.8% underwent HSCT, significantly more than in the blinatumomab-treated IR/HR arm of COG AALL1331 (66%, p=0.02). With a median follow-up of 12 months (range 2-49), 19% of HR patients and 8.3% of SR patients have relapsed, comparable to results achieved in the blinatumomab-treated arm of the COG AALL1331 trial. There were no deaths in the SR group, and 12 deaths in the HR group (6 due to relapse/refractory disease, 6 due to post-HSCT TRM). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that a reduced intensity reinduction can achieve equivalent disease control to the more intensive ALL R3 induction, with a substantial reduction in TRM. Although follow-up is short, consolidative blinatumomab achieved very high rates of MRD clearance, allowing a greater number of HR patients to reach potentially curative therapy with HSCT, the key predictor of outcome in the COG AALL1331 trial. We propose that our strategy represents a new standard of care for reinduction therapy in relapsed childhood B-ALL. DO and AV are joint senior authors Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal