Abstract
This work focuses on the investigation of the capability of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) filters to remove metals from various wastewater. The process to produce rGO membranes is reported and discussed, as well as their ability to capture ions in complex solutions, such as tap or industrial wastewater. Multi-ion solutions, containing Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, and Mn2+ to simulate mine wastewater, or Ca2+ and Mg2+ to mimic drinkable water, were used as models. In mono-ionic solutions, the best capture efficiency values were proved for Ca2+, Fe3+, and Ni2+ ions, while a matrix effect was found for multi-ion solutions. However, interesting capture efficiencies were measured in the range of 30–90%, depending on the specific ion, for both single and multi-ion solutions. An attempt is proposed to correlate ions capture efficiency with ions characteristics, such as ionic radius or charge. Combining a satisfactory capture efficiency with low costs and ease of treatment unit operations, the approach here proposed is considered promising to replace other more complex and expensive filtration techniques.
Highlights
In recent years, recovery and reuse of freshwater resources has represented one of the technological and social challenges to be faced in order to improve the quality of human life
This paper proposes a simple process to obtain self-assembling reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based membrane filters starting from an aqueous dispersion of graphene oxide (GO)
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Summary
Recovery and reuse of freshwater resources has represented one of the technological and social challenges to be faced in order to improve the quality of human life. Hydrazine, in view of its many hazards for both humans and environment, poses major demands for more friendly and sustainable reagents In this respect, L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) has been reported to show an effective capability in reducing GO [16]. L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) has been reported to show an effective capability in reducing GO [16] With these premises, this paper proposes a simple process to obtain self-assembling rGO-based membrane filters starting from an aqueous dispersion of GO. Spectra were recorded averaging four acquisitions each one of 30 s Both surface and cross-section of the produced membranes were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) Zeiss EVO 50 EP (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) with a spectrometer OXFORD INCA energy 2000 (Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, UK). The capture efficiency was calculated by the difference between the initial ion concentration (C0,i) in the starting solution and the residual one (Cf,i) according to Equation(1): ηc(%)
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