Abstract
A modified carbon fibre yarn sensor was developed for the voltammetric determination of paracetamol and its interferents (dopamine and ascorbic acid). Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was electrochemically deposited onto a carbon fibre yarn. Further modification was achieved using polypyrrole (PPy) coated onto the rGO carbon fibre yarn via electropolymerisation of pyrrole with cyclic voltammetry (CV). The surface of the rGO and PPy-rGO carbon fibre electrodes were characterised using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The rGO and PPy-rGO carbon fibres had a 3.5-fold and 7-fold larger electrochemical surface area compared to bare carbon fibre (calculated using the Randles-Sevcik equation). Two clearly distinguished oxidation peaks at 0.49 and 0.25 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) were observed at the rGO fibre electrode during the simultaneous detection of paracetamol and dopamine, respectively, by CV. The detection limit (3σ S/N) of the rGO carbon fibre electrode for differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) determination of paracetamol was at 21.1 and 6.0 µM for dopamine. In comparison, the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and dopamine by CV at the PPy-rGO fibre electrode gave oxidation peaks of paracetamol and dopamine at 0.55 and 0.25 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), respectively. The detection limit (3σ S/N) for paracetamol was notably improved to 3.7 µM and maintained at 6.0 µM for dopamine at the PPy-rGO carbon fibre electrode during DPV.
Highlights
Digital health devices that are capable of on-body drug detection are of interest to monitor therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse as well as drugs in consumer goods
The electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) was carried out using a neutral aqueous GO dispersion (0.5 mg ml−1) by either potentiostatic deposition or cyclic voltammetry (CV)
The sensitivity for paracetamol is higher at 0.3 μA cm−2 μmol−1 L compared to 0.09 μA cm−2 μmol−1 L for dopamine. These results indicate that the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and dopamine is possible at the Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-coated carbon fibre electrode
Summary
Digital health devices that are capable of on-body drug detection are of interest to monitor therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse as well as drugs in consumer goods (e.g. alcohol and caffeine). Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a synthetic non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic drug, widely used to treat fever and relieve mild to moderate pain (Twycross et al, 2013; Dhanush et al, 2018; Atta et al, 2019). The electrochemical detection of paracetamol is possible due to its oxidation to N-acetyl p-quinoneimine (Özcan and Şahin, 2007; Twycross et al, 2013). Interferents during paracetamol electrochemical analysis include dopamine, which coexists in human metabolic fluid and plays an essential role in neuronal physiology (Hao et al, 2019). Several neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases are associated with insufficient levels of dopamine in the human body
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