Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic ascomycete fungus that is adapted to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). After breaching the host surface, the fungus establishes an initial biotrophic phase in the penetrated epidermis cell, before necrotrophic growth is initiated upon further host colonization. We observed that partitioning of major leaf carbohydrates was shifted in favor of sucrose and at the expense of starch during necrotrophic fungal growth. Arabidopsis mutants with impaired starch turnover were more susceptible toward C. higginsianum infection, exhibiting a strong negative correlation between diurnal carbohydrate accumulation and fungal proliferation for the tested genotypes. By altering the length of the light phase and employing additional genotypes impaired in nocturnal carbon mobilization, we revealed that reduced availability of carbon enhances susceptibility in the investigated pathosystem. Systematic starvation experiments resulted in two important findings. First, we showed that carbohydrate supply by the host is dispensable during biotrophic growth of C. higginsianum, while carbon deficiency was most harmful to the host during the necrotrophic colonization phase. Compared with the wild type, the increases in the total salicylic acid pool and camalexin accumulation were reduced in starch-free mutants at late interaction stages, while an increased ratio of free to total salicylic acid did not convey elevated pathogenesis-related gene expression in starch-free mutants. These observations suggest that reduced carbon availability dampens induced defense responses. In contrast, starch-free mutants were more resistant toward the fungal biotroph Erysiphe cruciferarum, indicating that reduced carbohydrate availability influences susceptibility differently in the interaction with the investigated hemibiotrophic and biotrophic fungal pathogens.
Highlights
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic ascomycete fungus that is adapted to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants accumulating high contents of Thr due to mutations in either Asp kinase or dihydrodipicolinate synthase were rendered highly resistant toward the adapted biotrophic oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, presumably because Thr or one of its downstream products is toxic toward H. arabidopsidis (Stuttmann et al, 2011)
In a broad range of pathosystems, dynamic changes in major carbohydrate metabolism occur during the interaction with leaf pathogens, which are regarded as a consequence of metabolic reprogramming by the microbial invaders upon successful establishment (Chou et al, 2000; Fotopoulos et al, 2003; Berger et al, 2004; Swarbrick et al, 2006; Doehlemann et al, 2008; Horst et al, 2008)
Summary
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic ascomycete fungus that is adapted to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Compared with the wild type, the increases in the total salicylic acid pool and camalexin accumulation were reduced in starch-free mutants at late interaction stages, while an increased ratio of free to total salicylic acid did not convey elevated pathogenesis-related gene expression in starch-free mutants. These observations suggest that reduced carbon availability dampens induced defense responses. Mutation of the OsSWEET11 promoter or the DNA recognition motif Besides these two reports that describe the dependence of compatibility on only one metabolic gene, several other metabolic functions have been identified to date that influence compatibility quantitatively. Both metabolic processes are commonly affected after pathogen ingress and produce signals modulating the strength of the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent host defense response (Herbers et al, 1996; Pavet et al, 2005)
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