Reduced bone resorption by intake of dietary vitamin D and K from tailor-made Atlantic salmon: A randomized intervention trial.

Ingvild Eide Graff,Øyvind Lie,Jannike Øyen,Grethe Rosenlund,Clara Gram Gjesdal,Livar Frøyland,Bjørg Almås,Marian Kjellevold

doi:10.18632/oncotarget.10171

Abstract

Suboptimal vitamin D status is common among humans, and might increase bone resorption with subsequent negative effects on bone health. Fatty fish, including Atlantic salmon, is an important dietary vitamin D source. However, due to a considerable change in fish feed composition, the contribution of vitamin D from salmon fillet has been reduced. The main objective was to investigate if intake of vitamin D3 enriched salmon or vitamin D3 tablets decreased bone biomarkers (urinary N-telopeptides, deoxypyridinoline, serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin) compared to a low vitamin D3 intake. The 122 healthy postmenopausal women included in this 12 weeks intervention trial were randomized into four groups: three salmon groups (150 grams/two times/week) and one tablet group (800 IU vitamin D and 1000 mg calcium/day). The salmon groups also received calcium supplements. The salmon had three different vitamin D3/vitamin K1 combinations: high D3+high K1, low D3+high K1, or high D3+low K1. Increased intake of salmon containing high levels of vitamin D3 (0.35-0.38 mg/kg/fillet) and supplements with the same weekly contribution had a positive influence on bone health as measured by bone biomarkers in postmenopausal women. Consequently, an increased level of vitamin D3 at least to original level in feed for salmonids will contribute to an improved vitamin D3 status and may improve human bone health.

Highlights

Proper nutrition plays a crucial role in both the prevention and the treatment of osteoporosis
Vitamin D or vitamin K have been given as supplements to osteoporotic rats [26] or women [27], the results show a synergistic effect of giving calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K simultaneously
The different levels of vitamin D3 and K1 in the fish feed were reflected in the salmon fillet with increasing fish weight (Figure 1)

Summary

Introduction

Proper nutrition plays a crucial role in both the prevention and the treatment of osteoporosis. Vitamin D from dietary or supplement sources have historically been the major therapeutic focus [1]. Fatty fish like Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is one of the very few natural dietary sources of vitamin D [4]. The content of vitamin D in commercial farmed Atlantic salmon is relatively low [4]. Fatty fish have a naturally high content of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) which have been suggested to have a role in the prevention of osteoporosis due to several mechanisms, including its altering of the immune function [5, 6]

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