Abstract
The redox reaction mechanism of a poly(phenanthrene quinone)/graphene composite (PFQ/rGO) was investigated using operando attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR‐IR) spectroscopy during cycling of Li and Mg batteries. The reference phenanthrene quinone and the Li and Mg salts of the hydroquinone monomers were synthesized and their IR spectra were measured. Additionally, IR spectra were calculated using DFT. A comparison of all three spectra allowed us to accurately assign the C=O and C−O− vibration bands and confirm the redox mechanism of the quinone/Li salt of hydroquinone, with radical anion formation as the intermediate product. PFQ/rGO also showed exceptional performance in an Mg battery: A potential of 1.8 V versus Mg/Mg2+, maximum capacity of 186 mAh g−1 (335 Wh kg−1 of cathode material), and high capacity retention with only 8 % drop/100 cycles. Operando ATR‐IR spectroscopy was performed in a Mg/organic system, revealing an analogous redox mechanism to a Li/organic cell.
Highlights
From wireless remotes, mobile phones to wearable electronics, battery-powered personal devices have transformed the way we live
The process was reversed, indicating a reversible electrochemical redox reaction. These results indicated that the redox mechanism was reversible oxidation www.chemsuschem.org
Starting with the Li electrolyte, the electrochemical mechanism of PFQ/rGO was investigated through operando attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR)
Summary
Mobile phones to wearable electronics, battery-powered personal devices have transformed the way we live. Organic materials offer a better alternative to inorganic materials in terms of versatility and compatibility with different metal counter ions,[9,10] price, gravimetric energy density, and sustainability.[11,12,13,14,15] They can be produced from petrochemicals, biomaterials, organic waste,[3,13,16,17,18] or even from CO2 as a source of carbon[19] under low-temperature synthesis conditions below 100 8C Because of their low molecular mass and high number of exchanged electrons, they can reach high practical capacities of up to 600 mAh gÀ1
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