Redox labile site in a Zn4 cluster of Cu4,Zn4-metallothionein-3.

Abstract

Human metallothionein-3 (MT-3) is a neuronal inhibitory factor mainly expressed in brain and downregulated in Alzheimer's disease. The neuroinhibitory activity has been established for native Cu(4),Zn(3)-MT-3 and recombinant Zn(7)-MT-3. However, there is only limited knowledge about the structure and properties of the former metalloform. We have now generated native-like MT-3 through direct Cu(I) and Zn(II) incorporation into the recombinant apoprotein. Its characterization revealed monomeric Cu(4),Zn(4)-MT-3 containing metal-thiolate clusters located in two mutually interacting protein domains, a Cu(4) cluster in the beta-domain and a Zn(4) cluster in the alpha-domain. Using the PC12 cell line, the nontoxic nature of the protein was demonstrated. The results of electronic absorption and Cu(I) luminescence at 77 K showed that the Cu(4) cluster possesses an unprecedented stability in air. In contrast, the Zn(4) cluster is air sensitive. Its oxidation results in the release of one Zn(II) and the formation of a Zn(3) cluster, i.e., Cu(4),Zn(3)-MT-3. This process can be prevented or reversed under reducing conditions. The determined apparent stability constant for the Zn(4) cluster of 2.4 x 10(11) M(-1) is similar to that obtained for other zinc-containing MTs. This suggests that a substantially increased nucleophilic reactivity of specific thiolate ligands is responsible for this effect. Thus, the Zn(4) cluster in MT-3 may play a redox-dependent regulatory role.