Abstract
Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling are crucial regulators of chromatin architecture and gene expression in plants. Their dynamics are significantly influenced by oxidants, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), and antioxidants, like pyridine nucleotides and glutathione in plants. These redox intermediates regulate the activities and expression of many enzymes involved in DNA methylation, histone methylation and acetylation, and chromatin remodeling, consequently controlling plant growth and development, and responses to diverse environmental stresses. In recent years, much progress has been made in understanding the functional mechanisms of epigenetic modifications and the roles of redox mediators in controlling gene expression in plants. However, the integrated view of the mechanisms for redox regulation of the epigenetic marks is limited. In this review, we summarize recent advances on the roles and mechanisms of redox components in regulating multiple epigenetic modifications, with a focus of the functions of ROS, NO, and multiple antioxidants in plants.
Highlights
Epigenetic modifications refer to the mitotically- or meiotically-inheritable changes in gene expression that are not affected by the DNA sequence itself, mainly including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and histone variants in plants and other organisms [1,2]
We provide an integrated view how redox components control the epigenetic marks, with a focus of the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and multiple antioxidants in the regulation of DNA methylation, histone methylation, and histone acetylation in plants
Much progress has been made on the roles of redox mediators in regulating DNA methylation, and histone modifications in plants
Summary
Epigenetic modifications refer to the mitotically- or meiotically-inheritable changes in gene expression that are not affected by the DNA sequence itself, mainly including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and histone variants in plants and other organisms [1,2]. The main antioxidants include enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR)), and nonenzymatic antioxidants (e.g., pyridine nucleotides (NAD(P)H), glutathione (GSH), glutaredoxin (GRX), ascorbate (ASC), and nicotinamide) [14] These oxidants and antioxidants are able to spatiotemporally change the redox status and influence redox balance, controlling nearly every aspect of cellular processes such as gene expression, biological metabolisms, growth and development, and adaptations to different environmental stresses in plants [13,15,16,17,18]. We provide an integrated view how redox components control the epigenetic marks, with a focus of the roles of ROS, NO, and multiple antioxidants in the regulation of DNA methylation, histone methylation, and histone acetylation in plants
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