Redox activity of α-synuclein–Cu is silenced by Zn7-metallothionein-3

Abstract

The aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn), the major component of intracellular Lewy body inclusions in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, plays a critical role in the etiology of Parkinson disease (PD). Long-term effects of redox-active transition metals (Cu, Fe) and oxidative chemical imbalance underlie the disease progression and neuronal death. In this work, we provide evidence that a brain metalloprotein, Zn7-metallothionein-3 (Zn7MT-3), possesses a dynamic role in controlling aberrant protein–copper interactions in PD. We examined the properties of the α-Syn–Cu(II) complex with regard to molecular oxygen, the biological reducing agent ascorbate, and the neurotransmitter dopamine. The results revealed that under aerobic conditions α-Syn–Cu(II) possesses catalytic oxidase activity. The observed metal-centered redox chemistry significantly promotes the production of hydroxyl radicals and α-Syn oxidation and oligomerization, processes considered critical for cellular toxicity. Moreover, we show that Zn7MT-3, through Cu(II) removal from the α-Syn–Cu(II) complex, efficiently prevents its deleterious redox activity. We demonstrate that the Cu(II) reduction by thiolate ligands of Zn7MT-3 and the formation of Cu(I)4Zn4MT-3, in which an unusual oxygen-stable Cu(I)4–thiolate cluster is present, comprise the underlying molecular mechanism by which α-Syn and dopamine oxidation, α-Syn oligomerization, and ROS production are abolished. These studies provide new insights into the bioinorganic chemistry of PD.