Abstract
Lebanon is distinguished by its strategic geographical location among the Arab countries. Beirut, as the capital city and the major commercial and cultural centre of the country, is a point of interest for migrants. The region has witnessed many changes since the end of World War II, which have resulted in internal and external conflicts, migrations, the centralization of the country’s economy, etc. Furthermore, the city has witnessed many periods of urbanization, destruction, reconstruction, and regeneration, which has contributed to the complex nature of the city’s population and a blurring of the boundaries between settlements which are quite different in their natures. As a result, Beirut has become a home to mixed communities and societies of different origins and natures. The extensive inflow of migrants combined with economic crises has contributed to the appearance of informal settlements. They are located in different areas of the city and its surroundings, known as Greater Beirut. These settlements face various challenges, including spatial organization, socioeconomic standing, and environmental concerns. The current situation in Lebanon (resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic combined with the 4th of August 2020 blast in the port of Beirut) makes these challenges even more appalling. Some of the key issues discussed in this article are associated with the origin, current state, and prospects for improving the urban quality of these informal settlements considering their unplanned development and underused potentials. The article includes an inventory and speculates about the best possible strategies derived from three local interventions which are based on published reports. These examples represent rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in different cities in Lebanon. They can be applied to the specific situation of Beirut, given the variety of possible contexts there. The authors’ initial intention is to deal with the possible scope of the physical improvement in these settlements which will lead to socio-economic and environmental development and will also include possible ways of reinventing Beirut’s urban structure.
Highlights
Lebanon is a very highly urbanized country, as nearly 90% of its population lives in urban areas and 65% of those are settled in dense urban agglomerations (UN‐Habitat, 2009)
At the beginning of the 1990s the Lebanese govern‐ ment worked on a master plan known by the acronym “Solidere’s” which aimed at rebuilding downtown Beirut and linking it to the other parts of the city, bearing in mind all of the issues emerging after the massive destruc‐ tion caused by the civil war
The physi‐ cal transformation of the spaces relied on a combination of urban renewal and rehabilitation concepts that were achieved through the completion of repair, renovation, extension, and adaptation
Summary
Lebanon is a very highly urbanized country, as nearly 90% of its population lives in urban areas and 65% of those are settled in dense urban agglomerations (UN‐Habitat, 2009). This process resulted in the creation of undersupported infor‐ mal neighborhoods that can be differentiated by various structural, social, and economic dimensions from the for‐ mal part of the city This phenomenon was especially visible in the second half of the 20th century when the political and socio‐economic processes taking place both within Lebanon and in the entire Middle East resulted in increased immigration into the country of large groups of people seeking safety and better economic opportu‐ nities. This process resulted in the creation of various types of informal settlements, which differ according to the time period of their origin, social, ethnic, and reli‐ gious structure, as well as the urban layout. The last part, which concludes with the main findings and questions about challenges and policies for the application of urban design solutions for informal settlements, allows for the opening of a new field for interdisciplinary research in the future
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