Abstract
BackgroundFor sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with breast cancer, the dual tracer of blue dye and radioisotope with the 10% rule that all nodes with radioactive count of 10% or more of the hottest node ex vivo should be removed is widely accepted. However, the cut-off point of radioactivity is being questioned for possibly excessive removal of negative nodes.MethodsTo compare different percentile rules and optimize the criteria for identifying SLNs, we established a database which prospectively collected the radioactivity, status of blue dye and the pathological results of each SLN in breast cancer patients who successfully underwent SLNB with a combination of methylene blue and radioisotope.ResultsA total of 2,529 SLNs from 1,039 patients were identified from August 2010 to August 2019. 16.4% (414/2,529) positive nodes were removed at a cost of 83.6% (2115/2,529) negative nodes removed excessively. Up to 17.9% (375/2,115) negative nodes were removed as radioactively hot nodes without blue staining. By gradually increasing the threshold by each 10%, the number of negative nodes identified reduced by 18.2% (385/2,115) with only three node-positive patients (1.0%) missed to be identified using the “40% + blue” rule. In patients with ≥ 2 SLNs removed, 12.3% (238/1,942) negative nodes avoided unnecessary removal with only 0.8% (2/239) positive patients missed with the “hottest two + blue” rule.ConclusionsOur data indicated that the “40% + blue” rule or the “hottest two + blue” rule for SLNB with the dual tracer of blue dye and radioisotope may be considered as a potential alternative rule to minimize extra nodes resected. Nonetheless, it should be validated by prospective trials with long-term follow-up.
Highlights
The sentinel lymph node (SLN) was discovered in patients with melanoma by Cabanas in 1977 and is defined as the first draining node(s) with a direct lymphatic connection to the primary tumor site [1]
A total of 2,529 SLNs were identified in 1,039 patients and 16.4% (414/2,529) SLNs were positive (Table 2)
Among 2,115 negative SLNs, 1,413 nodes were blue stained while up to 1,792 were radioactively hot, leading to 17.9% (379/2,115) negative nodes being excessively excised as radioactively hot nodes
Summary
The sentinel lymph node (SLN) was discovered in patients with melanoma by Cabanas in 1977 and is defined as the first draining node(s) with a direct lymphatic connection to the primary tumor site [1]. Breast surgeons who use dual tracer of radioisotope and blue dye follow the “10% + blue” rule which was originally proposed by Martin and McMasters that all nodes with a radioactivity count of at least 10% of the hottest node ex vivo or blue dye staining should be removed [8]. For sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with breast cancer, the dual tracer of blue dye and radioisotope with the 10% rule that all nodes with radioactive count of 10% or more of the hottest node ex vivo should be removed is widely accepted. The cut-off point of radioactivity is being questioned for possibly excessive removal of negative nodes
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