Abstract
Extensive exposure to UVB (280–320 nm) is the major risk responsible for various skin injuries. Numerous reports have shown that natural products could demonstrate photochemopreventive efficacy against UVB damage. We investigated the preventive effects and associated molecular mechanisms of red raspberry extract upon UVB-caused damage in human epidermal keratinocytes and a nude mouse model. The protein profiles and immunohistological study on a nude mouse skin indicated that red raspberry extract could prevent UVB-caused cell death and protect the skin against UVB-exposed injury manifested by wrinkling, scaling, tanning, and water loss as well as epidermal thickening. In addition, red raspberry extract application effectively abolished oxidative damage in DNA and attenuated the carbonylation level of proteins, which attributed to the activation of SOD, Nrf2 and its target genes, and HO-1. Red raspberry extract also altered the cells' apoptotic signaling pathways including caspase-3 as well as the inflammatory cascade such as c-jun and attenuated UVB-induced activation of NF-κB and COX-2. Red raspberry extract could alleviate direct photodamage to the skin caused by UVB exposure through the ROS scavenger and protection against inflammatory responses, which may allow the development of novel strategies in protecting the skin subjected to UVB radiation.
Highlights
Photon energy, especially ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, induces many deleterious effects including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and carcinogenesis
Prolonged exposure to UVB radiation would lead to apoptosis of keratinocytes and destroy the skin’s natural barrier, predisposing the skin to inflammation, infection, and carcinogenesis [33, 34]
The extract from berries has been added to various skin products such as creams and lotions because the extract is believed to have an efficacy on skin care with a low rate of side effects [38, 39]
Summary
Especially ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, induces many deleterious effects including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. UVB-exposed hairless mice and keratinocyte models were applied to investigate the protective effect of ethanol extract of red raspberry (RBE) on a photodamaged skin. ROS generation due to UVB radiation would disturb the normal redox balance and lead to highly oxidative stress, which subsequently promotes the carbonylation of specific groups of proteins and results in physiological dysfunction [14,15,16]. When carbonyl groups form, they can react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP) and are detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) oxyblotting; we utilized redox proteomics to prove our hypothesis concerning the anti-UVB effect of red raspberry. We performed an immunohistological investigation and established the redox proteome profiles on a nude mouse skin to verify the hypothesis that RBE could attenuate the oxidative stress caused by UVB and protect the skin from photoinjury. The associated molecular mechanisms would provide the clinical and commercial utility of herbal intervention in UVB prevention on the skin
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