Abstract
Through the current trend for bioprospecting, marine organisms - particularly algae - are becoming increasingly known for their osteogenic potential. Such organisms may provide novel treatment options for osteoporosis and other musculoskeletal conditions, helping to address their large healthcare burden and the limitations of current therapies. In this study, extracts from two red algae – Plocamium lyngbyanum and Ceramium secundatum – were tested in vitro and in vivo for their osteogenic potential. In vitro, the growth of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) was significantly greater in the presence of the extracts, particularly with P. lyngbyanum treatment. Osteogenic differentiation was promoted more by C. secundatum (70 µg/ml), though P. lyngbyanum had greater in vitro mineralisation potential. Both species caused a marked and dose-dependent increase in the opercular bone area of zebrafish larvae. Our findings therefore indicate the presence of bioactive components in P. lyngbyanum and C. secundatum extracts, which can promote both in vitro and in vivo osteogenic activity.
Highlights
An osteoporosis-related fracture occurs once every 3 seconds globally[1], whilst the disability and mortality associated with them makes osteoporosis a very significant disease burden, in developed countries[1]
There is a need for the development of novel osteogenic treatments, which can address the limitations of current standards
The human foetal osteoblast cell line 1.19 was used during preliminary screening of each algal extract, to determine an effective concentration range for more detailed in vitro and in vivo testing
Summary
An osteoporosis-related fracture occurs once every 3 seconds globally[1], whilst the disability and mortality associated with them makes osteoporosis a very significant disease burden, in developed countries[1]. All currently available treatment options for osteoporosis have a variety of issues concerning their efficacy and long-term use by patients Antiresorptive drugs, such as bisphosphonates, are effective at reducing fracture risk[7,8], but are associated with an increased risk of rare but severe side effects - such as osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femoral fractures[9]. In this study we tested extracts of two species of red algae, Plocamium lyngbyanum Kützing and Ceramium secundatum Lyngbye, for their osteogenic effects. Both species are epiphytic and commonly found in shallow water areas along Northeast Atlantic coasts, including Ireland. Larval zebrafish were used to further assess the osteogenic potential of each extract, through an operculum bone growth model
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