Abstract
In the coming years, the demand for safe electrical energy storage devices with high energy density will increase drastically due to the electrification of the transportation sector and the need for stationary storage for renewable energies. Advanced battery concepts like all-solid-state batteries (ASBs) are considered one of the most promising candidates for future energy storage technologies. They offer several advantages over conventional Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs), especially with regard to stability, safety, and energy density. Hardly any recycling studies have been conducted, yet, but such examinations will play an important role when considering raw materials supply, sustainability of battery systems, CO2 footprint, and general strive towards a circular economy. Although different methods for recycling LIBs are already available, the transferability to ASBs is not straightforward due to differences in used materials and fabrication technologies, even if the chemistry does not change (e.g., Li-intercalation cathodes). Challenges in terms of the ceramic nature of the cell components and thus the necessity for specific recycling strategies are investigated here for the first time. As a major result, a recycling route based on inert shredding, a subsequent thermal treatment, and a sorting step is suggested, and transferring the extracted black mass to a dedicated hydrometallurgical recycling process is proposed. The hydrometallurgical approach is split into two scenarios differing in terms of solubility of the ASB-battery components. Hence, developing a full recycling concept is reached by this study, which will be experimentally examined in future research.
Highlights
Continued operation of batteries after their typical end of life (80% of nominal capacity), often referred to as “second life”, has both environmental and economic benefits
The recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) is already established on the industrial scale using specific process routes [2]
all-solid-state batteries (ASBs) a flat which is housed in a pouch bag.design
Summary
Continued operation of batteries after their typical end of life (80% of nominal capacity), often referred to as “second life”, has both environmental and economic benefits. To further increase energy density, another highly conductive ceramic electrolyte should be considered: NASICON structure based Li1.5 Al0.5 Ti1.5 (PO4 ) (LATP) It shows a comparable or even higher total Li-ion conductivity (~1 ms/cm) than LLZ, while the density is lower and the raw materials needed for synthesis are less critical and cheaper [57]. (4) Current collector anode side: the current collector on the anode side needs to fulfill only two requirements: high electronic conductivity and chemical stability towards metallic Li. One material that fulfills these requirements is Cu. Since the ceramic cathode and separator material construct a mechanically stable backbone, a rather thin layer of Cu (10 μm) is sufficient. NMC811 with its higher capacity than LCO results in the highest total energy densities
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