Abstract
Economic, social, and urban developments generally require improvements in the transportation sector, which includes automobiles such as trucks, buses, trailers, airplanes, and even bicycles. All these vehicles use rubber tires. After consumption, these tires become waste, leading to enlarged landfill areas for used tires and implying additional harm to the environment. This review summarizes the growth of rubber recycling application and the sustainability of using waste rubber in the construction field. Furthermore, we provide methods to convert rubber waste to fuel or fuel additives by using tire-derived fuel and concentrate to pyrolysis, which are environmentally friendly and efficient ways. The related parameters such as temperature, pressure, and feedstock composition were studied. Most research papers observed that 500 °C is the optimal temperature at atmospheric pressure in the presence of a specific type of catalyst to improve pyrolysis rate, oil yield, and quality.
Highlights
Brown of Watson Brown HSM Ltd. (London, UK) [19] provided the data for global estimates linked to rubber manufacturing life cycle [20]: Total amount of rubber recycled at its end-of-life: typically, 3–15%; Total of waste rubber re-used in some way: 5–23%; Total of waste rubber used for energy recovery: 25–60%; Total of waste rubber send out to landfill or stored: 20–30%
The first research in South Korea about tire-derived fuel ash (TDFA) has shown that it may work as a binder material, and that adding TDFA to concrete can improve durability and mechanical performance owing to packing impact [32]
Research has shown that using several devulcanization methods for waste tire rubber (WTR) can essentially and selectively split vulcanizate’s crosslinks, whereas maintaining the polymeric chains can provide new sustainability pathway(s) for WTR
Summary
Ecosystem services are the advantages people receive from nature. Human survival and well-being depend on these services. 4.8–12.7 million metric tons of plastic entered the oceans water from land-based sources in 2010 alone, and the flux of plastics to the seas is forecast to increase by an order of level within the decade [9]. Over time, these plastics may disintegrate into little parts, called “microplastics” (0.1 μm– 5 mm), whose massive majority is expected to persist in the environment in several forms over geological periods [10]
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