Recycling of reduced graphene oxide from graphite rods in disposable zinc battery applicable to optical sensing

Abstract

We report a low cost, simple method to fabricate reduced graphene oxide (rGO) optical sensors from recycled batteries. The rGO nanosheets were exfoliated by electrochemical method under the assistant of electric arc using 5 % KOH or NaOH electrolytes. The rGO nanosheets show interlayer distances ranging from 3.98 to 6.22 Å, and thicknesses from 0.62 to 6.00 nm, corresponding from 1 to 10 layers, respectively, determined from X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) measurement indicates that rGO nanosheets content Miller-Bravais indices of (1–210) and (0–110) planes, and the hexagonal diffraction pattern of (0–110) plane of graphene sheets with d-spacing of 2.13 Å. Low defect densities in exfoliated rGO nanosheets were confirmed by ID/IG ratios ∼0.16 to 0.18 via Raman. The rGO nanosheets exfoliated in NaOH electrolyte have 19.35 % lower oxygen content compared to those exfoliated in KOH electrolyte inspected from XPS spectra. The performance of the rGO optical sensors is controlled by defects created from oxygen functional groups formed during exfoliation process. The responsivity and response (rise) time of NaOH-exfoliated rGO sensor are 0.46 A/W and 2.3 s, respectively. These values are 21 % (for responsivity) larger and 35 % (for rise time) smaller than those of KOH-exfoliated rGO sensor. The best-in-class of high gain were demonstrated in this study for the rGO optical sensors prepared from disposed graphite rods. The results demonstrate how disposed batteries can be recycled to produce photodetectors and other optoelectronic devices using cheap and relatively nontoxic methods.