Abstract
Many viruses exploit specific arms of the endomembrane system. The unique composition of each arm prompts the development of remarkably specific interactions between viruses and sub-organelles. This review focuses on the viral–host interactions occurring on the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC), and mediated by its regulatory Ras-related in brain (Rab) GTPase Rab11. This protein regulates trafficking from the ERC and the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane. Such transport comprises intricate networks of proteins/lipids operating sequentially from the membrane of origin up to the cell surface. Rab11 is also emerging as a critical factor in an increasing number of infections by major animal viruses, including pathogens that provoke human disease. Understanding the interplay between the ERC and viruses is a milestone in human health. Rab11 has been associated with several steps of the viral lifecycles by unclear processes that use sophisticated diversified host machinery. For this reason, we first explore the state-of-the-art on processes regulating membrane composition and trafficking. Subsequently, this review outlines viral interactions with the ERC, highlighting current knowledge on viral-host binding partners. Finally, using examples from the few mechanistic studies available we emphasize how ERC functions are adjusted during infection to remodel cytoskeleton dynamics, innate immunity and membrane composition.
Highlights
Host membranes are targeted by many viruses
This review focuses on the viral–host interactions occurring at the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC), a system that ensures the recycling of some endocytosed material and the delivery of specific trans-Golgi network (TGN) material to the plasma membrane [20,21,25]
Thistointricate crosstalk between events, via sequential dynamic reactions and cascades, contributing to spatiotemporal regulation, phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP), ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) and related in brain (Rab) responds at least partially to cellular demands maturation and function of endocytic compartments [38,92,101,113,114]
Summary
Host membranes are targeted by many viruses. Well-explored cases include the usage of membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and of the Golgi by positive-stranded RNA and double-stranded DNA enveloped viruses ([1,2,3] for recent reviews). The first is the tremendous flexibility in viral strategies for targeting the same surfaces, and the second is the identification of viral developed programs to target membranes from most cellular organelles, namely the endocytic pathway, mitochondria and peroxisomes These studies provided evidence for additional roles these structures play, including modulating host antiviral responses, shaping lipid environment, and facilitating viral entry and exit from the cell [1,2,3,6,7,8,9,10]. Given the large number of complexes identified at the healthy ERC, and the diversity in viruses and viral stages that use this system, it is plausible to assume that different strategies have been developed to orchestrate viral assaults Their characterization, beyond the current state-of-the-art discussed here, will provide invaluable cues on the physiology of the healthy recycling endosome and the impact on human health
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