Recycling Chocolate Aluminum Wrapping Foil as to Create Electrochemical Metal Strip Electrodes.

Hairul Hisham Hamzah,Nur Hidayah Saleh,Bhavik Anil Patel,Saiful Arifin Shafiee,Turgut Sönmez,Mohd Muzamir Mahat

doi:10.3390/molecules26010021

Abstract

The development of low-cost electrode devices from conductive materials has recently attracted considerable attention as a sustainable means to replace the existing commercially available electrodes. In this study, two different electrode surfaces (surfaces 1 and 2, denoted as S1 and S2) were fabricated from chocolate wrapping aluminum foils. Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to investigate the elemental composition and surface morphology of the prepared electrodes. Meanwhile, cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to assess the electrical conductivities and the electrochemical activities of the prepared electrodes. It was found that the fabricated electrode strips, particularly the S1 electrode, showed good electrochemical responses and conductivity properties in phosphate buffer (PB) solutions. Interestingly, both of the electrodes can respond to the ruthenium hexamine (Ruhex) redox species. The fundamental results presented from this study indicate that this electrode material can be an inexpensive alternative for the electrode substrate. Overall, our findings indicate that electrodes made from chocolate wrapping materials have promise as electrochemical sensors and can be utilized in various applications.

Highlights

Introduction affiliationsVarious widely used commercial electrodes use materials, such as gold (Au), platinum (Pt), and glassy carbon (GC), which are relatively expensive (~US$200 for each electrode), making them less accessible for large scale electrochemical studies, in developing countries
An intense peak is observed at 1.5 keV on the Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) spectra for the S1 electrode whereas a much less intense peak is observed for S2 electrode which is ascribed to Al
From the EDX spectra recorded for both electrodes, using two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test, there were significant differences in the elemental compositions of the S1 electrodes (p < 0.001) when compared to the S2 electrodes

Summary

Introduction

Introduction affiliationsVarious widely used commercial electrodes use materials, such as gold (Au), platinum (Pt), and glassy carbon (GC), which are relatively expensive (~US$200 for each electrode), making them less accessible for large scale electrochemical studies, in developing countries. Scraps [2,3], papers, agricultural by-products, or used batteries [4] This approach can provide environmental benefits by properly managing recyclable waste materials for significant usage in a variety of advanced materials such as composite materials [5,6], biomaterials [7], and electrochemical materials [8,9]. This approach supports important derives to reduce waste and explore creative approaches to recycle materials for new and diverse applications. This is a key aspect of the United Nations Sustainable Goals, in which responsible consumption and production is a key aspect [10]

Methods

Results

Conclusion