Abstract
In this review, we present an assessment of recent advances in alkyne functionalization reactions, classified according to different classes of recyclable catalysts. In this work, we have incorporated and reviewed the activity and selectivity of recyclable catalytic systems such as polysiloxane-encapsulated novel metal nanoparticle-based catalysts, silica–copper-supported nanocatalysts, graphitic carbon-supported nanocatalysts, metal organic framework (MOF) catalysts, porous organic framework (POP) catalysts, bio-material-supported catalysts, and metal/solvent free recyclable catalysts. In addition, several alkyne functionalization reactions have been elucidated to demonstrate the success and efficiency of recyclable catalysts. In addition, this review also provides the fundamental knowledge required for utilization of green catalysts, which can combine the advantageous features of both homogeneous (catalyst modulation) and heterogeneous (catalyst recycling) catalysis.
Highlights
Alkyne functionalization methods constitute one of the most relevant topics in organic synthesis and has resulted in numerous advancements over several years
Alkynes are readily available building blocks for organic synthesis because carbon–carbon multiple bonds can be functionalized to a myriad of structures
In 2019, Aflak et al [11] have reported on their use of a heterogenous recyclable catalyst consisting of copper(I) acetate placed on silica to catalyze azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles (Scheme 8)
Summary
Alkyne functionalization methods constitute one of the most relevant topics in organic synthesis and has resulted in numerous advancements over several years. Apart from the tremendous attention that this subject in chemistry has achieved, there are still certain limitations that prevent its advanced adoption for applications in industry. Some of these drawbacks include cost, efficiency, use of toxic metals, tedious catalyst recoverability, metal leaching, low regioselectivity, poor functional group tolerance, the need for excess amounts of reagents, and low catalytic activity and stability. The recyclability of the catalysts in organic synthesis is important to study, especially when looking to the applicability of reactions in industrial settings.
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