Recurrence of COVID-19 infection symptoms in short time; reinfection or reactivation? Three cases of three healthcare workers and a literature review.

Abstract

BackgroundSince the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, many research papers have been published focusing on some recurrence cases of symptoms after a long period of free symptoms with a negative RT-PCR retest. There is no crucial evidence until now of the possibility of recurrence, immune system reactivation, or reinfection.MethodsThree cases of resident doctors who recovered from COVID-19 but represented symptoms with new positive RT-PCR were discussed. Clinical data, laboratory tests, RT-PCR results, and antibodies titers all were collected. Moreover, many cases from the literature have been reviewed and compared.ResultsThe long-term exposure has not succeeded in forming an effective immune response, especially, since they do not have any significant history of chronic illnesses or a diagnosed immune disorder. While the antibody response occurred only in the second patient, it did not prevent new infection, but did it control the severity of the infection or its complications?ConclusionOur three patients are health workers and have been in direct contact with COVID-19 patients. The inflammatory response parameters may not be reliable in predicting the activation of the immune response and the formation of the antibodies. We still need to find answers for reactivation and reinfection issues.