Abstract
A reliable energy-efficient routing protocol plays a key role in underwater data transmission. In the face of acoustic communication challenges in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), including long propagation delay, topology change, limited energy, and communication voids, we propose RECRP, a Reliable Energy-efficient Cross-layer Routing Protocol to achieve high data delivery rate. RECRP is a location-free single-copy protocol. The information of the physical layer such as Doppler scale shift measurement, Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), etc. are adopted to estimate the distance, thus no extra hardware is needed for localization. Moreover, the overhead introduced by redundant packets is avoided with the single-copy mechanism. To improve the two-hop packet delivery rate and balance energy consumption among adjacent nodes, an optimal max–min method is proposed that dynamically controls transmission power and channel frequency. Furthermore, a surface to bottom routing establishment method is also adopted to handle communication voids. Compared with depth-based routing (DBR) and hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding (HH-VBF), RECRP is more energy-efficient with a higher delivery rate.
Highlights
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are becoming increasingly popular in applications such as real-time ocean monitoring, submarine tracking, offshore exploration, pollution monitoring, and hydrological environment protection
We compared RECRP with depth-based routing (DBR) and hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding (HH-VBF), and the frequency of the channel used by DBR and HH-VBF was fixed at 16 kHz, the transmission power was 90 dB re μPa, and the pipeline radius in HH-VBF was 1800 m
When the distance exceeded 27 km, since the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was smaller than the threshold we set, the data could not be correctly decoded within the available frequency ranges, so there was no such optimal transmission frequency
Summary
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are becoming increasingly popular in applications such as real-time ocean monitoring, submarine tracking, offshore exploration, pollution monitoring, and hydrological environment protection. Since the acoustic wave is the only energy form that can propagate for a long distance in UWSNs, wireless acoustic communication is currently the dominant data delivery method for numerous underwater applications In such applications shown, sensor nodes are placed at different depths to collect and forward aquatic information to sink nodes through acoustic links. Due to high mobility of underwater nodes, greedy hop-by-hop routing is the most reliable method Since this technique relies on a simple strategy that forwards packets to the locally optimal node with a strict positive progress towards the sink node, it does not work properly when data packets reach a node that has no neighbors with positive progress towards the sink node. We propose a location-free single-copy routing protocol, RECRP, to deal with the high energy consumption and imbalanced energy cost in underwater sensor networks.
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