Abstract
Exercise is known for its beneficial effects on preventing cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) in the general population. People living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are prone to sedentarism, thus raising their already elevated risk of developing CMDs in comparison to individuals without HIV. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine if exercise is associated with reduced risk of self-reported CMDs in a German HIV-positive sample (n = 446). Participants completed a self-report survey to assess exercise levels, date of HIV diagnosis, CD4 cell count, antiretroviral therapy, and CMDs. Participants were classified into exercising or sedentary conditions. Generalized linear models with Poisson regression were conducted to assess the prevalence ratio (PR) of PLWH reporting a CMD. Exercising PLWH were less likely to report a heart arrhythmia for every increase in exercise duration (PR: 0.20: 95% CI: 0.10–0.62, p < 0.01) and diabetes mellitus for every increase in exercise session per week (PR: 0.40: 95% CI: 0.10–1, p < 0.01). Exercise frequency and duration are associated with a decreased risk of reporting arrhythmia and diabetes mellitus in PLWH. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying exercise as a protective factor for CMDs in PLWH.
Highlights
Life expectancy of younger people diagnosed with HIV is approximately 54 years [1]This reduced life expectancy can be attributed to the increased prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) as described in European People living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) (3.7–5%) [2], including German PLWH compared to individuals without HIV (12.8% vs. 10.4%, p < 0.01), with premature onset and higher prevalence of CMDs in PLWH older than 40 years [3].The incidence of CMDs can be explained by traditional risk factors [4], and the role of antiretroviral treatment (ART) and HIV chronic inflammation [5,6]
This reduced life expectancy can be attributed to the increased prevalence of CMDs as described in European PLWH (3.7–5%) [2], including German PLWH compared to individuals without HIV (12.8% vs. 10.4%, p < 0.01), with premature onset and higher prevalence of CMDs in PLWH older than 40 years [3]
The proportion of PLWH who reported not being engaged in exercise was 37.2%
Summary
Life expectancy of younger people diagnosed with HIV is approximately 54 years [1]This reduced life expectancy can be attributed to the increased prevalence of CMDs as described in European PLWH (3.7–5%) [2], including German PLWH compared to individuals without HIV (12.8% vs. 10.4%, p < 0.01), with premature onset and higher prevalence of CMDs in PLWH older than 40 years [3].The incidence of CMDs can be explained by traditional risk factors (e.g., age, high waist-to-hip ratio, symptomatic HIV) [4], and the role of ART and HIV chronic inflammation [5,6]. Life expectancy of younger people diagnosed with HIV is approximately 54 years [1]. This reduced life expectancy can be attributed to the increased prevalence of CMDs as described in European PLWH (3.7–5%) [2], including German PLWH compared to individuals without HIV (12.8% vs 10.4%, p < 0.01), with premature onset and higher prevalence of CMDs in PLWH older than 40 years [3]. Health behaviors like smoking [7] and/or physical inactivity [8] are highly prevalent in people with HIV [9].
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