Abstract
Abstract. With the rapid growth in offshore wind energy, it is important to understand the dynamics of offshore wind farms. Most of the offshore wind farms are currently installed in coastal regions where they are often affected by sea-breezes. In this work, we quantitatively study the recovery processes for coastal wind farms under sea-breeze conditions. We use a modified Borne's method to identify sea breeze days off the west coast of India in the Arabian Sea. For the identified sea breeze days, we simulate a hypothetical wind farm covering 50×50 km2 area using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model driven by realistic initial and boundary conditions. We use three wind farm layouts with the turbines spaced 0.5, 1, and 2 km apart. The results show an interesting power generation pattern with a peak at the upwind edge and another peak at the downwind edge due to sea breeze. Wind farms affect the circulation patterns, but the effects of these modifications are very weak compared to the sea breezes. Vertical recovery is the dominant factor with more than half of the momentum extracted by wind turbines being replenished by vertical turbulent mixing. However, horizontal recovery can also play a strong role for sparsely packed wind farms. Horizontal recovery is stronger at the edges where the wind speeds are higher whereas vertical recovery is stronger in the interior of the wind farms. This is one of the first studies to examine replenishment processes in offshore wind farms under sea breeze conditions. It can play an important role in advancing our understanding wind farm-atmospheric boundary layer interactions.
Highlights
Wind turbines extract momentum from the atmosphere to convert it into electricity
Gupta and Baidya Roy (2021) concluded that the vertical recovery is the dominant factor in replenishment for all the wind speed ranges and wind farm configuration for a finite sized wind farm
This study quantitatively explores the recovery processes that replenishes the momentum extracted from wind farms under sea breeze conditions
Summary
Wind turbines extract momentum from the atmosphere to convert it into electricity. The momentum extracted by the wind turbines is replenished by the transport of higher momentum air from aloft (vertical recovery) and from the lateral edges (horizontal recovery) almost immediately (Calaf et al, 2010; Cortina et al, 2020; Gupta and Baidya Roy, 2021). Cortina et al (2020) found that in the finite-sized wind farms under neutral conditions, horizontal recovery dominates for the first upwind row of turbines and vertical recovery dominates for the last row with a smooth transition in between. Gupta and Baidya Roy (2021) concluded that the vertical recovery is the dominant factor in replenishment for all the wind speed ranges and wind farm configuration for a finite sized wind farm. They found similar spatial recovery patterns to that of Cortina et al (2020) for densely packed deep offshore wind farms. The current installations of offshore wind farms are mostly near the coast These coastal wind farms are often affected by sea breeze. None of the studies done earlier have investigated the recovery processes in coastal wind farms under sea breeze conditions
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