Abstract
The paper focuses on the improved process of metal recovery from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathode waste materials by using hydrometallurgical methods. In the acid leaching step, the essential effects of acidity concentration, H2O2 concentration, leaching time, liquid-solid mass ratio, and reaction temperature with the leaching percentage were investigated in detail. The cathode material was leached with 2M H2SO4 and 10 vol. % H2O2 at 70 °C and 300 rpm using a liquid-solid mass ratio of 30 mL/g. In order to complete the recovery process, this paper designs the proper separation process to recover valuable metals. The leach liquor in the recovery process uses Cyanex 272 to first extract Co and Mn to the organic phase. Secondly, Co and Mn are separated by using D2EHPA, and a high purity of Co is obtained. Thirdly, Ni is selectively precipitated by using DMG, and Ni is completely formed as a solid complex. Finally, in the chemical precipitation process, the remaining Li in the leach liquor is recovered as Li2CO3 precipitated by saturated Na2CO3, and Co, Mn, and Ni are recovered as hydroxides by NaOH. This hydrometallurgical process may provide an effective separation and recovery of valuable metals from LIBs waste cathode materials.
Highlights
Nowadays, as a result of the rapid development of modern society and technology, the use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become indispensable
As a result of the rapid development of modern society and technology, the use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become indispensable. These are commonly applied in our lives and play an important role in power sources and diverse devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, digital cameras, and even the developing electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) [1,2,3,4]
The recycling of spent LIBs by means of the recovery of the valuable metals contained in the cathode material, such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese, is considered as a progressively more substantial process to prevent environmental problems and meet sustainable and environmentally friendly regulations
Summary
As a result of the rapid development of modern society and technology, the use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become indispensable. LIBs are frequently classified according to their cathode materials, into lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2 ) batteries, lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2 O4 ) batteries, and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 ) batteries, for example [8,9,10,11,12]. These types of batteries are gradually being replaced by lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC) batteries. In this study, we focus on dealing with the NMC cathode waste materials
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